Contributing

Everyone is welcome to contribute to Swift. Contributing doesn’t just mean submitting pull requests—there are many different ways for you to get involved, including answering questions on the forums, reporting or triaging bugs, and participating in the Swift evolution process.

No matter how you want to get involved, we ask that you first learn what’s expected of anyone who participates in the project by reading the Community Overview. If you’re contributing code, you should also know how to build and run Swift from the repository, as described in Source Code.

Answering Questions

One of the most important and immediate ways you can support the community is to answer questions on the forums. Whether you’re helping a newcomer understand a language feature or troubleshooting an edge case with a seasoned developer, your knowledge and experience of Swift can go a long way to help others.

Reporting Bugs

Reporting bugs is a great way for anyone to help improve Swift. The open source Swift project uses GitHub Issues for tracking bugs.

When opening an issue, please include the following:

• A concise description of the problem. If the issue is a crash, include a stack trace. Otherwise, describe the behavior you were expecting to see, along with the behavior you actually observed.

• A reproducible test case. Double-check that your test case reproduces the issue. A relatively small sample (roughly within 50 lines of code) is best pasted directly into the description; a larger one may be uploaded as an attachment. Consider reducing the sample to the smallest amount of code possible—a smaller test case is easier to reason about and more appealing to сontributors.

• A description of the environment that reproduces the problem. Include information about the Swift compiler’s version, the deployment target (if explicitly set) and your platform.

Because Swift is under very active development, we receive a lot of bug reports. Before opening a new issue, take a moment to browse our existing issues to reduce the chance of reporting a duplicate.

Triaging Bugs

Reporting bugs is an important part of improving software. Nearly as important is triaging those bugs to ensure that they are reproducible, small, and unique.

There are a number of things you can do to help triage bugs in the bug tracker.

• Reproduce bugs. For a bug to be actionable, it needs to be reproducible. If you can’t reproduce the bug, try to figure out why. Get in touch with the submitter if you need more information.

• Reduce bugs. Once a bug can be reproduced, reduce it to the smallest amount of code possible. Reasoning about a sample that reproduces a bug in just a few lines of Swift code is easier than reasoning about a longer sample.

• Eliminate duplicate bugs. If two bug reports refer to the same underlying problem, mark the newer one as a duplicate of the older one. Doing so allows others to work more effectively.

Website and Blog Post Contributions

The Swift project welcomes suggestions and enhancements to this website and community blog post contributions showcasing initiatives and stories across the community. The Swift Website Workgroup oversees all website and blog post contributions.

Learn more about contributing to this website in the Swift.org website governance process and about how to submit blog post contributions.

Swift Evolution

Shaping the future of Swift is a community effort that anyone can participate in via the Evolution section of the Swift forums. The Swift evolution process covers all changes to the Swift language and the public interface of the Swift standard library, including new language features and APIs, changes to existing language features or APIs, removal of existing features, and so on.

See the Swift evolution review schedule for current and upcoming proposal reviews.

Good First Issues

Good first issues are bugs, ideas, and tasks that are intended to be accessible for contributors that are new to working on the Swift project, and even new to the patterns and concepts behind subprojects such as the Swift compiler. Good first issues are decorated with a corresponding label and are most easily found by visiting github.com/apple/<repository>/contribute, e.g. github.com/apple/swift/contribute for the main Swift repository. They are expected to be low-priority and of modest scope, and not require excessive refactoring, research, or debugging — rather, they should encourage newcomers to dip their toes in some part of Swift, learn more about it, and make a real contribution.

Anyone with commit access and insight into a particular area is welcome and encouraged to pin down or think up good first issues.

Contributing Code

Getting Started

It is highly recommended that you become familiar with using Swift in your own projects before contributing directly to the language itself. We put together handy Getting Started guides with step-by-step instructions to get you up and running.

Incremental Development

The Swift project uses small, incremental changes as its preferred development model. Sometimes these changes are small bug fixes. Other times, these changes are small steps along the path to reaching larger stated goals. In contrast, long-term development branches can leave the community without a voice during development. Some additional problems with long-term branches include:

• Resolving merge conflicts can take a lot of time if branch development and mainline development occur in the same pieces of code.
• People in the community tend to ignore work on branches.
• Very large changes are difficult to code review.
• Branches are not routinely tested by the continuous integration infrastructure.

To address these problems, Swift uses an incremental development style. Small changes are preferred whenever possible. We require contributors to follow this practice when making large or otherwise invasive changes. Some tips follow:

• Large or invasive changes usually have secondary changes that must be made before the large change (for example, API cleanup or addition). Commit these changes before the major change, independently of that work.

• If possible, decompose the remaining interrelated work into unrelated sets of changes. Next, define the first increment and get consensus on the development goal of the change.

• Make each change in the set either stand alone (for example, to fix a bug) or part of a planned series of changes that work toward the development goal. Explaining these relationships to the community can be helpful.

If you are interested in making a large change and feel unsure about its overall effect, please make sure to first discuss the change and reach a consensus through the developer forums. Then ask about the best way to go about making the change.

Commit Messages

Although we don’t enforce a strict format for commit messages, we prefer that you follow the guidelines below, which are common among open source projects. Following these guidelines helps with the review process, searching commit logs, and email formatting. At a high level, the contents of the commit message should be to convey the rationale of the change, without delving into much detail. For example, “bits were not set right” leaves the reviewer wondering about which bits and why they weren’t “right”. In contrast, “Correctly compute ‘is dependent type’ bits in ‘Type’” conveys almost all there is to the change.

Below are some guidelines about the format of the commit message itself:

• Separate the commit message into a single-line title and a separate body that describes the change.
• Make the title concise to be easily read within a commit log and to fit in the subject line of a commit email.
• In changes that are restricted to a specific part of the code, include a [tag] at the start of the line in square brackets—for example, “[stdlib] …” or “[SILGen] …”. This tag helps email filters and searches for post-commit reviews.
• When there is a body, separate it from the title by an empty line.
• Make body concise, while including the complete reasoning. Unless required to understand the change, additional code examples or other details should be left to bug comments or the mailing list.
• If the commit fixes an issue in the bug tracking system, include a link to the issue in the message.
• For text formatting and spelling, follow the same rules as documentation and in-code comments—for example, the use of capitalization and periods.
• If the commit is a bug fix on top of another recently committed change, or a revert or reapply of a patch, include the Git revision number of the prior related commit, e.g. “Revert abcdef because it caused bug#”.

For minor violations of these guidelines, the community normally favors reminding the contributor of this policy over reverting. Minor corrections and omissions can be handled by sending a reply to the commits mailing list.

Attribution of Changes

When contributors submit a change to a Swift subproject, after that change is approved, other developers with commit access may commit it for the author. When doing so, it is important to retain correct attribution of the contribution. Generally speaking, Git handles attribution automatically.

We do not want the source code to be littered with random attributions like “this code written by J. Random Hacker”, which is noisy and distracting. Do not add contributor names to the source code or documentation.

In addition, don’t commit changes authored by others unless they have submitted the change to the project or you have been authorized to submit on their behalf—for example, you work together and your company authorized you to contribute the changes. The author should first either submit the change through a pull request to the relevant project, email the development list, or add a bug tracker item. If someone sends you a change privately, encourage them to submit it to the appropriate list first.

Code Templates

As mentioned in the Community Overview, the license and copyright protections for Swift.org code are called out at the top of every source code file. On the rare occasion you contribute a change that includes a new source file, ensure that the header is filled out appropriately.

For Swift source files the code header should look this:

//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
//
// This source file is part of the Swift.org open source project
//
// Copyright (c) 2023 Apple Inc. and the Swift project authors
// Licensed under Apache License v2.0 with Runtime Library Exception
//
// See https://swift.org/LICENSE.txt for license information
// See https://swift.org/CONTRIBUTORS.txt for the list of Swift project authors
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//

For C or C++ source or header files, the code header should look this:

//===-- subfolder/Filename.h - Very brief description -----------*- C++ -*-===//
//
// This source file is part of the Swift.org open source project
//
// Copyright (c) 2023 Apple Inc. and the Swift project authors
// Licensed under Apache License v2.0 with Runtime Library Exception
//
// See https://swift.org/LICENSE.txt for license information
// See https://swift.org/CONTRIBUTORS.txt for the list of Swift project authors
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
///
/// \file
/// This file contains stuff that I am describing here in the header and will
/// be sure to keep up to date.
///
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//

The divider lines should be exactly 80 characters wide to aid in adherence to the code style guidelines. The bottom section contains an optional description intended for generated documentation (these lines begin with /// rather than //). If there is no description, this area can be skipped.

Code Review

The Swift project relies heavily on code review to improve software quality:

• All significant changes, by all developers, must be reviewed before they are committed to the repository. Smaller changes (or changes where the developer owns the component) can be reviewed after being committed.
• Code reviews are conducted on GitHub (through comments on pull requests or commits) and are reflected on the relevant project’s commit mailing list.
• The developer responsible for a code change is also responsible for making all necessary review-related changes.

Code review can be an iterative process, which continues until the change is ready to be committed. After a change is sent out for review it needs an explicit approval before it’s submitted. Do not assume silent approval or request active objections to the patch by setting a deadline.

Sometimes code reviews will take longer than you would hope for, especially for larger features. Here are some accepted ways to speed up review times for your patches:

• Review other people’s changes. If you help out, everybody will be more willing to do the same for you. Goodwill is our currency.
• Split your change into multiple smaller changes. The smaller your change, the higher the probability that somebody will take a quick look at it.
• Ping the change. If it is urgent, provide reasons why it is important to get this change landed and ping it every couple of days. If it is not urgent, the common courtesy ping rate is one week. Remember that you’re asking for valuable time from other professional developers.

Note that anyone is welcome to review and give feedback on a change, but only people with commit access to the repository can approve it.

Testing

Developers are required to create test cases for any bugs fixed and any new features added, and to contribute them along with the changes.

• All feature and regression test cases are added to the appropriate test directory—for example, the swift/test directory.
• Write test cases at the abstraction level nearest to the actual feature. For example, if it’s a Swift language feature, write it in Swift; if it’s a SIL optimization, write it in SIL.
• Reduce test cases as much as possible, especially for regressions. It’s unacceptable to place an entire failing program into swift/test because this slows down testing for all developers. Please keep them short.

Quality

People depend on Swift to create their production software. This means that a bug in Swift could cause bugs in thousands, even millions of developers’ products. Because of this, the Swift project maintains a high bar for quality. The minimum quality standards that any change must satisfy before being committed to the main development branch include:

1. Code must compile without errors or warnings on at least one platform.
2. Bug fixes and new features must include a test case to pinpoint any future regressions, or include a justification for why a test case would be impractical.
3. Code must pass the appropriate test suites—for example, the swift/test and swift/validation-test test suites in the Swift compiler.

Additionally, the committer is responsible for addressing any problems found in the future that the change may cause. This responsibility means that you may need to update your change in order to:

• Ensure the code compiles cleanly on all primary platforms
• Fix any correctness regressions found in other test suites
• Fix any major performance regressions
• Fix any performance or correctness regressions in the downstream Swift tools
• Fix any performance or correctness regressions that result in customer code that uses Swift
• Address any bugs that appear in the bug tracker as a result from your change

We prefer that these issues be handled before submission, but we understand that it isn’t possible to test all of this for every submission. Our continuous integration (CI) infrastructure normally finds these problems. We recommend watching the CI infrastructure throughout the next day to look for regressions. The CI infrastructure will directly email you if a group of commits that included yours caused a failure. You are expected to check those messages to see whether they are your fault and, if so, fix the breakage.

Commits that clearly violate these quality standards may be reverted, in particular when the change blocks other developers from making progress. The developer is welcome to recommit the change after the problem has been fixed.

Commit Access

Commit access is granted to contributors with a track record of submitting high-quality changes. If you would like commit access, please send an email to the code owners list with the GitHub user name that you want to use and a list of 5 non-trivial pull requests that were accepted without modifications.

Once you’ve been granted commit access, you will be able to commit to all of the GitHub repositories that host Swift.org projects. To verify that your commit access works, please make a test commit (for example, change a comment or add a blank line). The following policies apply to users with commit access:

• You are granted commit-after-approval to all parts of Swift. To get approval, create a pull request. When the pull request is approved, you may merge it yourself.

• You may commit an obvious change without first getting approval. The community expects you to use good judgment. Examples are reverting obviously broken patches, correcting code comments, and other minor changes.

• You are allowed to commit changes without approval to the portions of Swift to which you have contributed or for which you have been assigned responsibility. Such commits must not break the build. This is a “trust but verify” policy, and commits of this nature are reviewed after being committed.

Multiple violations of these policies or a single egregious violation may cause commit access to be revoked. Even with commit access, your changes are still subject to code review. Of course, you are also encouraged to review other peoples’ changes.

Adding External Library Dependencies

There may be times where it is appropriate for one of the Swift projects (compiler, Core Libraries, etc.) to make use of libraries that provide functionality on a given platform. Adding library dependencies impacts the portability of Swift projects, and may involve legal questions as well.

As a rule, all new library dependencies must be explicitly approved by the Project lead.

LLVM and Swift

Swift is built on the LLVM Compiler Infrastructure. Swift uses the LLVM Core for code generation and optimization (among other things), Clang for interoperability with C and Objective-C, and LLDB for debugging and the REPL.

Apple maintains a fork of the LLVM Core source repository on GitHub as llvm-project, respectively. This repository track upstreams LLVM development and contains additional changes for Swift. The upstream LLVM repository are merged into the Swift-specific repository frequently. Every attempt is made to minimize the differences between upstream LLVM and the Apple fork to only those changes specifically required for Swift.

Where Do LLVM Changes Go?

Swift follows a policy of making a change in the most upstream repository that is feasible. Contributions to Swift that involve Apple’s version of LLVM Project should go directly into the upstream LLVM repository unless they are specific to Swift. For example, an improvement to LLDB’s data formatters for a Swift type belongs in the Apple LLVM Project repository, whereas a bug fix to an LLVM optimizer—even if it’s only been observed when operating on Swift-generated LLVM IR—belongs in upstream LLVM.

Commits to an upstream LLVM repository are automatically merged into the appropriate upstream branches in the corresponding Swift repository (next in the llvm-project.

Swift and LLVM Developer Policies

Contributions to Swift’s LLVM or Clang clones are governed by the LLVM Developer Policy and should follow the appropriate licensing and coding standards. Issues with LLVM code are tracked using the LLVM bug database. For LLDB, changes to files with llvm.org comment headers must go to the upstream LLDB at llvm.org and abide by the LLVM Developer Policy and LLDB coding conventions. Contributions to the Swift-specific parts of LLDB (that is, those with a Swift.org comment header) use the Swift license but still follow the LLDB coding conventions.